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Simultaneous substitution (also known as simsubbing or signal substitution〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/Eng/INFO_SHT/Bdt10.htm )〕) is a practice mandated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) requiring cable television, direct broadcast satellite (DBS), IPTV and MMDS television distribution companies in Canada to distribute the signal of a local or regional over-the-air station in place of the signal of a foreign or non-local television station, when the two stations are broadcasting identical programming simultaneously. The practice has become controversial because its implementation will often pre-empt the signals of American networks available through Canadian cable and satellite providers such as those of ABC, CBS, NBC and Fox. Simsubbing usually receives nationwide attention in the days leading up to the annual broadcast of the Super Bowl, where the famed high-profile Super Bowl commercials are virtually blocked from viewing on Canadian television.〔 The Canadian network that broadcasts the National Football League championship game is eligible to request that the American broadcaster's signal be replaced in Canada with its own signal, so long as both broadcasts are telecast simultaneously. The CRTC first commissioned simsubbing in 1972, and it is sometimes erroneously called "simulcasting", the name of a practice different from simultaneous substitution in that there is no signal replacement.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_Simultaneous_Substitution_on_TV.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/simulcasting )〕 According to the CRTC, the practice of simultaneous substitution is necessary "to protect the rights of broadcasters, to enable television stations to draw enough advertising revenue and to keep advertising money in the Canadian market".〔 Canadian broadcast television networks, which must request each and every substitution on an individual basis, have been criticized for exploiting the regulation and not investing enough money into Canadian content. ==History== During the 1950s, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) had a monopoly on television broadcasting in Canada (its first television station, CBFT, began operating in Montreal in 1952). In 1960, the Board of Broadcast Governors, the predecessor of the CRTC, began granting licenses for commercial stations in order to provide an alternative to the CBC. These broadcasters began operating in 1961, and through international distributors, acquired the domestic broadcast rights to many American television programs.〔 Since about 30% of the Canadian population – those who resided close enough to the American border – had access to over-the-air broadcast signals from networks based in both Canada and the United States, they could choose to watch American programs on either a Canadian or American network.〔 Many of these Canadians chose to watch the American network (either CBS, ABC or NBC) rather than the Canadian networks' broadcasts. Consequently, many Canadian broadcasters began broadcasting programs purchased from American-based broadcast networks before they aired on the American networks to attract more viewers and to earn money from domestic advertising, and some Canadian businesses that advertised on the domestic stations also purchased broadcast time on the American stations that were receivable in the same areas, although federal legislation was eventually passed that limited the tax-deductibility of these purchases.〔 Several of the stations in smaller border markets in the United States openly targeted the larger cities in Canada by getting as close to the border as possible. Examples include most of the stations in the Buffalo, New York television market that targeted Toronto and the Golden Horseshoe region, and in the most extreme case, Pembina, North Dakota station KCND-TV (channel 12), which was based in a town with less than 1,000 residents but made its money by targeting the much larger city of Winnipeg across the border to its north. When cable television began to proliferate across Canada in the early 1970s, viewers far from the American border were beginning to obtain access to American television services that were once unobtainable. In 1972, in response to pressure from Canadian broadcasters, the CRTC introduced the simultaneous substitution regulation as a method to circumvent diminution of the value of Canadian networks' exclusive broadcast rights to American programs〔 (within three years, the aforementioned KCND was effectively moved to Winnipeg and relicenced as CKND-TV). Through the 1990s, while direct-broadcast satellite television gained popularity and then were granted licenses in Canada, simultaneous substitution became a requirement on these services as well. By the late 1990s and into the 2000s, the simultaneous substitution regulation had reached its full potential, with Canadian broadcast networks telecasting nearly all of their American programming at the same time as the U.S. network's broadcasts to ensure maximum eligibility to request substitution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Simultaneous substitution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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